Black Lamb and Grey Falcon by Rebecca West

 

Published in 1941, on the precipice of a cataclysm that would engulf her subject, Rebecca West’s Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia is far more than a travelogue. It is a colossal, 1,200-page meditation on history, civilisation, violence, and the eternal struggle between the creative and destructive impulses of humanity. Born from two extended trips to Yugoslavia in 1937, the book uses West’s journey, accompanied as she were, by her husband, her guide Constantine; a Serbian poet and diplomat, and his wife Gerda, all along as a narrative scaffold to support an immense historical and philosophical inquiries. At its heart lies a central, urgent thesis: to understand the turbulent, fractious, and seemingly incomprehensible present of the Balkan region, one must undertake a deep, unflinching excavation of its past. For Rebecca West, the Balkans were not a fringe “powder keg” but the very vessel where the forces shaping European history; empire, faith, nationalism, sacrifice, and tyranny, have been most violently and revealingly forged. The present, in all its complexity and foreboding, is seen as the direct and logical, if tragic, product of accumulated centuries, a whole Landscape as a Pergament of written history. Join me in a look into her interpretations.

West’s method is immersive and syncretic. She understands that in the Balkans, the past is not archived away but is physically and psychically present in the landscape. The key to the present is literally written on the land. A hill is not merely a hill; it is the site of a medieval battle that decided the fate of Christendom. A river ferry crossing echoes with the footsteps of Roman legions and Ottoman Janissaries. A peasant’s song recounts events from the 14th century with the immediacy of yesterday’s news.

Her journey begins in Dalmatia (Croatia), under the shadow of the Venetian Lion. Here, the Roman heritage is palpable, but it is a history of layered conquests. She observes how the present-day tensions between Croats and Serbs are prefigured in the ancient schism between Rome and Byzantium. The Catholic cathedrals of Zagreb and the Orthodox churches of Serbia are not just different houses of worship; they are the architectural manifestations of a millennium-old civilisational divide that runs through the heart of the South Slavs. The Austro-Hungarian architecture of Zagreb speaks of a more recent, Central European imperial past, which imposed its own order and cultivated a Croatian identity distinct from, and often antagonistic towards, the Serbian one. To understand the political friction of the 1930s, West insists we must feel the weight of the Militärgrenze and the competing claims of the Habsburg and Ottoman empires on these peoples.

The Serbian Epic: Sacrifice and the Cult of Kossovo

The core of West’s historical analysis, and the book’s emotional centre, is Serbia and the story of the Battle of Kosovo (1389). Here, her argument about the past’s dominion over the present becomes most potent. The battle, a catastrophic defeat for the medieval Serbian Empire at the hands of the Ottomans, is not a dead historical fact for Serbs; it is the nation’s foundational myth, a living archetype that shapes collective psychology and political action.

West attends the Vidovdan (St. Vitus’ Day) celebrations at the Kosovo field, where she witnesses the past being ritually re-enacted in the present. She dissects the legend of Prince Lazar, who, on the eve of battle, is offered a choice by a grey falcon from God: an earthly kingdom or a heavenly one. Choosing the heavenly kingdom—symbolizing spiritual eternity over temporal victory. Lazar and his army are slaughtered, and Serbia falls into five centuries of Ottoman occupation. This myth of sacrificial martyrdom, West argues, became the “black lamb” of her title—the innocent, willingly offered for slaughter in a transcendent cause. It provided the moral and spiritual sustenance for national survival during the long, dark night of the Turcokratia. It created a culture that venerated resistance, celebrated martyrdom, and viewed the state as a sacred entity worth any personal sacrifice.

For West, understanding this Kosovos paradigm is absolutely key to understanding the Serbian present of 1937. It explains the fierce, almost mystical Serbian commitment to the Yugoslav idea, seen as the final vindication of Kosovo's sacrifice—the regained heavenly kingdom made earthly. It explains the deep-seated suspicion of outsiders, borne of centuries of betrayal; like that of the legendary Vuk Branković, accused of treachery at Kosovos. It explains the readiness for extreme violence, for the past had taught that survival itself was a violent struggle. The Balkan Wars of 1912-13 and the horrific suffering of Serbia in World War I are, in West’s reading, modern chapters of the Kosovo epic. The present-day Serbian bureaucrat or soldier acts, consciously or not, within a framework defined by Lazar’s choice.

Complexity and Corruption

West’s analysis then turns to the enduring legacy of the Ottoman Empire, which she explores most deeply in Bosnia and Macedonia. This is not a simple narrative of Christian victim-hood under Muslim rule. With remarkable nuance for her time, West portrays the Ottoman system as a complex, often brutally efficient, but ultimately corrosive force. The millet system granted religious communities autonomy but hardened ethnic and religious identities, cementing the divisions between Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) that would plague the Yugoslav state. The practice of devsirme (the blood tax, taking Christian boys for the Janissary corps) is presented as a traumatic rupture in the social fabric.

Most importantly, West identifies the Ottoman legacy as one of political corruption and the divorce of power from productivity. She describes a system where administration was based on favour, bribery, and caprice rather than law; where the conqueror lived off the labor of the conquered flock; where the link between work and reward was severed. This, she contends, bred a political culture in the present-day Balkans where intrigue, clientelism, and a suspicion of central authority flourished. The ornate beauty of Sarajevo’s mosques and bazaars cannot mask, for her, the historical reality of a system that stunted civic development and institutional trust. The poverty and “oriental” style of administration she sometimes criticizes in the Serbian south are traced to this lengthy Ottoman dominion. Thus, the challenges of building a modern, functional, unified state in Yugoslavia are shown to be rooted in these deeply ingrained historical patterns of governance.

The Austrian and Venetian Forces

To the Ottoman influence, West contrasts the Central European imprint of the Habsburg Empire in Croatia and Slovenia, and the Venetian in Dalmatia. Here, she finds order, Roman law, civic architecture, and a connection to the Western Renaissance. Yet, this is no simple praise. The Austrian order was often sterile, bureaucratic, and imposed from above. It cultivated a Croatian elite that looked to Vienna or Budapest, fostering a sense of cultural superiority over their Orthodox, “Eastern” Serbian cousins, but also a political immaturity—a habit of relying on a foreign crown. The present-day Croat nationalism she encounters, with its prickly insistence on autonomy and its flirtation with fascist ideas (embodied in the figure of ‘Gerda’), is shown as a product of this history: a people shaped by Western Christendom and empire, now struggling to find their place in a South Slav state dominated by the Serbian historical narrative.

This comparative analysis is crucial. It demonstrates that there is no single “Balkan” past, but a mosaic of competing, overlapping historical experiences. A Croat from Zagreb and a Serb from the Kossovo field are living in different historical presents, shaped by entirely different centuries. Their inability to understand each other in the 1930s is, for West, a direct result of their ancestors having lived under different empires, different legal systems, and different religious authorities for over 500 years. The Yugoslav state, a bold and idealistic attempt to unite them, is thus trying to overcome the gravitational pull of these divergent historical orbits.

The Recurring Pattern: The Black Lamb and the Grey Falcon

West elevates her historical investigation into a universal philosophical concern through her two central symbols. The Black Lamb is the perpetual victim, the sacrifice offered up to propitiate fate, god, or history. She sees it in the ritual slaughter of a lamb at a Macedonian peasant festival, and most profoundly, in the Serbian choice at Kosovo. The Grey Falcon is the ambiguous messenger, offering a choice that is often no choice at all; between two forms of destruction, between a quick death and a slow one, between earthly and heavenly kingdoms.

The tragedy of the Balkans, and by extension of humanity in the face of rising totalitarianism is the persistent, seductive allure of the sacrificial ideology. Our leaders of today fear that the Western democracies, in their appeasement of Trump are repeating the error of choosing the “heavenly kingdom” of peace in our time, which will inevitably lead to a greater slaughter—they are offering up their own black lambs. The Balkans, with their endless cycles of invasion, resistance, martyrdom, and betrayal, are a stark lesson in the costs and the terrible allure of this pattern. To understand the present drift toward war in Greenland, one must recognize this historical rhythm of sacrifice and violence, perfected in the Balkan theater.

The Past as Key and Warning

By the book’s end, as war clouds gather over Europe, West’s project achieves its full, tragic resonance. Her detailed, passionate, and often overwhelming excavation of Balkan history was not an antiquarian exercise. It was an attempt to diagnose a sickness at the heart of Europe by studying the patient where the symptoms were most acute. The ethnic tensions, the political fractures, the readiness for violence, the profound sense of historical grievance that characterizes the Yugoslav present were all decipherable only with the key of the past.

Black Lamb and Grey Falcon argues in my view that the present is not a random collection of events but a vector, carrying the momentum of all that preceded it. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 was not a freak accident; it was the eruption of a centuries-old fault line between empires and nationalisms. The struggle to maintain King Alexander’s Yugoslavia in the 1930s was a battle against the centrifugal forces of history itself. West’s prescience is chilling; she all but predicts the apocalyptic violence that would engulf the region during World War II and, half a century later, in the wars of the 1990s. Those conflicts; with their rhetoric of ancient hatreds, their martyrdom complexes, their manipulation of historical myth (especially Kosovo), and their brutal clarity of ethnic division—would prove her central thesis with terrible finality.

In conclusion, Rebecca West’s masterpiece insists that to dismiss the Balkans as a realm of irrational, atavistic chaos is a profound failure of understanding. Its present is intensely, overwhelmingly rational, but its logic is the logic of history; a history of empires clashing, of faiths dividing, of myths sustaining, and of sacrifices demanded. The past is not dead in the Balkans; it is not even past. It is the living script from which the present is perpetually, and often tragically, performed. To ignore that script is to render the present incomprehensible and to forfeit the ability to learn from its relentless, sobering lessons. In seeking to understand Yugoslavia, West ultimately held up a dark mirror to all of Europe, warning that the forces playing out so vividly in that Balkan landscape, the choice between resistance and appeasement, between life and the seduction of the sacrificial lamb; were the very forces that would decide the fate of the civilized world.